Sweat Rate, Sweat Sodium Losses, and Body Composition in Professional Male Soccer Players in Southwest Colombia.

Background and Objective: Dehydration and hyperhydration impact athletes' performance. Exploring the fluid balance concerning body composition might help estimate individual hydration requirements. This area of research, particularly regarding sodium losses, has been relatively understudied. We evaluated the sweat rate (SR), sweat sodium losses, and their relationship with body composition in professional soccer players in Cali, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male players, aged 24.3 (±5.2) years, from the Colombian main soccer league, underwent high-intensity training at 32 °C (with a relative humidity of 79%). The outcome variables included SR, calculated using weight loss and fluid intake; forearm sweat sodium concentration (FSCC), measured through the direct ion-selective electrode method; and estimated the predicted whole sweat sodium loss (PWSSL) in mmol. Predictor variables (body mass, fat, and muscle masses) were estimated using the Deborah Kerr anthropometry method. The association between predictors and outcomes was assessed using linear regression. Results: The mean FSCC, PWSSL, and SR were 26.7 ± 11.3 mmol/L, 43 ± 15.9 mmol/L, and 1.7 ± 0.5 L/h, respectively. Body mass positively predicted FSCC in unadjusted and age/fat-mass-adjusted models [Beta 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-2.18, p = 0.006], and continued related to FSCC after adjustment for muscle mass with marginal significance [Beta 0.85, 95% CI -0.02 to 1.73, p = 0.056]. Muscle mass was associated with the PWSSL in unadjusted and age/fat-mass-adjusted models [Beta 2.42, 95% CI 0.58-4.26, p = 0.012] and sustained an association with marginal statistical significance after adjustment for body mass [Beta 1.86, 95% CI -0.35 to 4.09, p = 0.097]. Conclusions: Under hot tropical weather conditions, FSCC was relatively low among the players. Body mass was better associated with the FSSC, and muscle mass better related to the PWSSL. Body and muscle masses could be regarded as potential factors to be explored in the estimation of individual sodium needs. However, further studies are required to validate and contrast our findings.

Excess adiposity and iron-deficient status in Colombian women of reproductive age.

OBJECTIVE: Information about excess adiposity markers different from BMI and iron status is limited and more so about the shape of these associations. This study evaluated the relationship between three adiposity markers and iron-deficient status in reproductive-age women. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis in 6357 non-pregnant women from the Colombian nutritional health survey (ENSIN) 2010. Exposures were the following: waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (W-HtR), BMI, and WC > 80 cm, W-HtR > 0.5, and BMI ≥ 25 and ≥30. Outcomes were the following: iron deficiency (ID) as serum ferritin <15 µg/L, ID as ferritin <30 µg/L, anemia, and continuous values of ferritin and hemoglobin. Logistic and linear regressions adjusted for sociodemographic/inflammation covariates were conducted. RESULTS: All the adiposity markers, continuous or categorical, were inversely and significantly associated with both ID thresholds in fully adjusted models (p < 0.05). W-HtR reported stronger effect estimates for ID (odds ratios < 0.5) and for prediction of log-ferritin levels (fully adjusted ß-coefficient [95% CI] 0.61 [0.39-0.82], p < 0.01) and was also inversely associated with anemia (p < 0.05). In cubic splines analyses, W-HtR, WC, and BMI were linearly associated with ID from values closer to international thresholds of general or central obesity, and the patterns of WC and BMI tended toward flatness. A significant decline in the likelihood of anemia was steeper by increasing W-HtR than by increasing BMI. After exclusion of women with C reactive protein > 5 mg/L or adjustment for C reactive protein, adiposity markers remained significantly related to ferritin levels and W-HtR with anemia. CONCLUSIONS: Women with higher adiposity were less likely to have an iron-deficient status. W-HtR was the strongest and most consistently associated marker. Inflammation would not be involved in the associations found.

Iron status and cardiometabolic risk in children.

AIM: We aimed to evaluate associations between serum ferritin and transferrin and variables related to the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children. METHODS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal study in prepubertal children (n = 832) aged 3-14 years. A subset (n = 203) were re-examined after a mean follow-up of 3.7 ± 0.8 years[range 2-6]. Outcomes were MetS and MetS components scores, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and their follow-up change. RESULTS: Children with low ferritin had increased HbA1c Z scores (ANCOVA, P = 0.003). Ferritin was inversely associated with glycaemia [fully adjusted ß (95% confidence interval): -2.35(-4.36 to -0.34)]. Transferrin was associated with diastolic blood pressure [ß: 0.02(0.01-0.04)] and log-HOMA-IR [ß:0.001(0.0005-0.002)]. MetS risk score worsened during follow-up in children with the lowest baseline ferritin levels. In contrast, at baseline ferritin was positively associated with all (except glycaemia) the MetS-related variables but adjustments for inflammatory, hepatic function, and body mass markers attenuated those associations (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lower iron status was independently associated with glycaemic markers and MetS in children, whereas higher ferritin levels were related to other cardiometabolic risk markers under the influence of inflammation, hepatic injury and body mass. Research is required to study whether this mixed pattern is part of an early risk or would be explained by a normal transition during growth and development.

Expression of Circulating MicroRNAs Associated with Obesity and their Relationships with Biochemical Parameters and Health-related Physical Fitness in Children 6 to 10 Years Old in Cali, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a public health problem worldwide; it has reached pandemic proportions in the last 40 years. Its prevalence in children and adolescents increased from 0.7% to 7.8% between 1975 and 2016. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported as regulatory factors related to molecular functions under different conditions. These can be used as biomarkers of a disease to estimate risks in the early stages. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the expression levels of miRNAs associated with childhood obesity and their relationships with biochemical parameters and Health-related Physical Fitness (HRPF). METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in which a population of 40 children between 6 and 10 years of age of both sexes from Cali, Colombia, was evaluated; the children were classified as 20 normal-weight and 20 obese. Blood biochemistry, HRPF, and miRNA expression levels were determined (hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-486-3p, hsa-miR-222-3p. Comparisons were made between the groups, miRNA associations between the studied variables, and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Twenty normal-weight and 20 obese patients were evaluated. Both groups had an average age of eight years old. The miRNA hsa-miR-122-5p (p < 0.05) was overexpressed in the obese group. According to the linear regression analysis, the amount of adipose tissue may be associated with the production of miRNAs (hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-222-3p, hsa-miR-122-5p, and hsamiR- 191-5p). CONCLUSION: Four miRNAs (hsa-miR-15b-5p, hsa-miR-222-3p, hsa-miR-122-5p, and hsa-miR- 191-5p) are associated with modifications in biochemical variables of HRPF in this group. Adipose tissue mass could be associated with the production of these miRNAs, thus making them biomarkers of childhood obesity risk.

Serum ferritin and incident cardiometabolic diseases in Scottish adults.

BACKGROUND: Iron stores, estimated as ferritin levels, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been associated previously, while findings regarding coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CEVD) are still inconclusive. No study has focused on simultaneous evaluation of associations between iron stores and the above cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) in the same population. We aim to evaluate the association between serum ferritin and risk of T2D, CHD and CEVD in Scottish population over a wide range of ferritin levels. METHODS: Longitudinal study in 6,497 participants of the 1995 and 1998 Scottish health surveys, who were followed-up until 2011. Cox regression models were conducted adjusting for age, sex/menopausal status, fibrinogen, GGT levels, smoking, alcohol consumption, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, and BMI. Ferritin was used as continuous (sex/menopausal status-specific Z score) and categorical variable (sex/menopausal status-specific quartiles, quintiles and sextiles). RESULTS: During follow-up, 4.9% of the participants developed T2D, 5.3% CHD, and 2.3% CEVD. By using ferritin quartiles, serum ferritin was positively associated with T2D, CHD and CEVD but only the association with T2D remained after adjustment for covariates [Quartile 4 v. 1: adjusted HR 95% CI 1.59 (1.10-2.34); P = 0.006]. When ferritin sextiles were used (6 v. 1), the ferritin-CEVD association became slightly stronger and significant [adjusted HR 95% CI 2.08 (1.09-3.94); P = 0.024]. CONCLUSIONS: Iron stores relate differently to each CMD. Serum ferritin levels were positively and independently associated with incident T2D, and with incident CEVD if higher cut-off points for high ferritin levels were considered.

Soluble Transferrin Receptor, Antioxidant Status and Cardiometabolic Risk in Apparently Healthy Individuals.

Body iron excess appears to be related to insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk and increased oxidative stress might be involved in this relationship. Very few studies have described the association between soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) levels and cardiometabolic risk in the general population or antioxidant status. There were 239 subjects (20−65 years old) included in this cross-sectional study. Linear regressions adjusting for BMI, menopausal status, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), physical inactivity, alcohol intake and subclinical/chronic inflammation were used to describe the association between sTfR, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and measures of cardio-metabolic risk. sTfR levels were positively associated with TAC in men (ßeta [95% confidence interval ]: 0.31 [0.14 to 0.48]) and women (ßeta = 0.24 [0.07 to 0.40]) in non-adjusted and adjusted models (p < 0.05). In men, sTfR levels were inversely associated with waist circumference (ßeta [95% confidence interval]: −1.12 [−2.30 to −0.22]) and fasting glucose (−2.7 (−4.82 to −0.57), and positively with LDL cholesterol (12.41 (6.08 to 18.57) before and after adjustments for confounding variables. LDL cholesterol had a significant and positive association with TAC in non-adjusted and adjusted models in men (p < 0.05). sTfR levels are significantly associated with antioxidant status and a few specific cardio-metabolic risk variables, independently of covariates that included serum ferritin and hepcidin. This might imply that iron biomarkers in regard to cardiometabolic risk reflect physiological contexts other than iron metabolism.

Patient Safety Incidents and Adverse Events in Ambulatory Dental Care: A Systematic Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: There have been efforts to understand the epidemiology of iatrogenic harm in hospitals and primary care and to improve the safety of care provision. There has in contrast been very limited progress in relation to the safety of ambulatory dental care. OBJECTIVES: To provide a comprehensive overview of the range and frequencies of existing evidence on patient safety incidents and adverse events in ambulatory dentistry. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for articles reporting events that could have or did result in unnecessary harm in ambulatory dental care. We extracted and synthesized data on the types and frequencies of patient safety incidents and adverse events. RESULTS: Forty articles were included. We found that the frequencies varied very widely between studies; this reflected differences in definitions, populations studied, and sampling strategies. The main 5 PSIs we identified were errors in diagnosis and examination, treatment planning, communication, procedural errors, and the accidental ingestion or inhalation of foreign objects. However, little attention was paid to wider organizational issues. CONCLUSIONS: Patient safety research in dentistry is immature because current evidence cannot provide reliable estimates on the frequency of patient safety incidents in ambulatory dental care or the associated disease burden. Well-designed epidemiological investigations are needed that also investigate contributory factors.

Risk Factor Control and Cardiovascular Event Risk in People With Type 2 Diabetes in Primary and Secondary Prevention Settings.

BACKGROUND: To examine the association between the degree of risk factor control and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in type 2 diabetes and to assess if the presence of cardio-renal disease modifies these relationships. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using data from English practices from CPRD GOLD (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) and the SCI-Diabetes dataset (Scottish Care Information-Diabetes), with linkage to hospital and mortality data. We identified 101 749 with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in CPRD matched with 378 938 controls without diabetes and 330 892 with type 2 diabetes in SCI-Diabetes between 2006 and 2015. The main exposure was number of optimized risk factors: nonsmoker, total cholesterol ≤4 mmol/L, triglycerides ≤1.7 mmol/L, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≤53 mmol/mol (≤7.0%), systolic blood pressure <140mm Hg, or <130 mm Hg if high risk. Cox models were used to assess cardiovascular risk associated with levels of risk factor control. RESULTS: In CPRD, the mean baseline age in T2D was 63 years and 28% had cardio-renal disease (SCI-Diabetes: 62 years; 35% cardio-renal disease). Over 3 years follow-up (SCI-Diabetes: 6 years), CVD events occurred among 27 900 (27%) CPRD-T2D, 101 362 (31%) SCI-Diabetes-T2D, and 75 520 (19%) CPRD-controls. In CPRD, compared with controls, T2D participants with optimal risk factor control (all risk factors controlled) had a higher risk of CVD events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.29). In T2D participants from CPRD and SCI-Diabetes, pooled hazard ratios for CVD associated with 5 risk factors being elevated versus optimal risk factor control were 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.17) in people with cardio-renal disease but 1.96 (95% confidence interval, 1.82-2.12) in people without cardio-renal disease. People without cardio-renal disease were younger and more likely to have likely to have suboptimal risk factor control but had fewer prescriptions for risk factor modifying medications than those with cardio-renal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Optimally managed people with T2D have a 21% higher CVD risk when compared with controls. People with T2D without cardio-renal disease would be predicted to benefit greatly from CVD risk factor intervention.

Iron Status and Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity in Prepubertal Children.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) with iron status markers in prepubertal children. METHODS: Three hundred twelve prepubertal children with overweight and obesity from a pediatric general Spanish population were evaluated. MHO and MUO were defined as obesity with the absence or presence of metabolic syndrome components. Phenotypes of metabolically healthy overweight including obesity (MHOV) and metabolically unhealthy overweight including obesity (MUOV) were also studied and defined using the same criteria. Serum ferritin, transferrin, and blood hemoglobin levels were evaluated. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of MHOV and MHO were 35% (n = 111/312) and 27.1% (n = 42/155), respectively. Ferritin and hemoglobin levels were higher in children with MUOV versus MHOV (P < 0.05). MUO was positively associated with ferritin (beta [95% CI] = 0.43 [0.05 to 0.81]) and hemoglobin levels (0.43 [0.05 to 0.81]). These associations remained significant independently of age, sex, C-reactive protein, physical activity, and BMI/waist z scores in bivariate linear regression models. In multivariable models, transaminase levels attenuated the association of MUO with ferritin and hemoglobin levels (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MUOV and MUO are associated with higher ferritin and hemoglobin levels in prepubertal children affected by overweight and obesity. Increased circulating ferritin in MUO might be influenced by liver injury.

Ferritin, metabolic syndrome and its components: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mechanisms for the association between iron stores and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, are still not clear. We evaluated the associations between ferritin levels, MetS and its individual components, and potential role of confounding, in a meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched articles in MEDLINE and EMBASE until February 14th, 2018. There were two approaches: meta-analysis of 1) cross-sectional and longitudinal studies and 2) only cross-sectional studies. Meta-regressions were conducted to identify sources of heterogeneity in the associations of ferritin with MetS and its individual components. RESULTS: Information from 26 studies (5 prospective) was systematically reviewed and 21 studies were meta-analysed. The pooled OR for MetS by increased ferritin was 1.78 (95%CI: 1.60-1.97) in the meta-analysis 1, and 1.70 (95%CI: 1.49-1.95) in the meta-analysis 2. The pooled association was weaker in studies adjusted for hepatic injury markers (meta-regression coefficient (95% CI): -0.34 (-0.60,-0.09) p = 0.008) and body mass index (BMI) (meta-regression coefficient (95% CI): -0.27 (-0.53,-0.01) p = 0.039). Among MetS components, the pooled association with increased ferritin was strongest with high triglycerides [OR (95%CI): 1.96 (1.65-2.32)] and high glucose levels [OR 95%CI: 1.60 (1.40-1.82)]. Higher cut-off points used to define high ferritin concentrations were more strongly associated with high triglycerides [meta-regression coefficient (95% CI): 0.22 (0.03, 0.041), p = 0.023]. CONCLUSIONS: High triglycerides and glucose are the components more strongly associated with ferritin. Hepatic injury and BMI appear to influence the ferritin-MetS association, and a threshold effect of high ferritin concentration on the ferritin-high triglycerides association was observed.

Decreased iron stores are associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The possible contribution of iron to cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been scarcely investigated. We aimed to study whether serum ferritin is linked to prevalent/incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in T2D. METHODS: The prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CEVD) and CVD was evaluated in the SIDIAP study (n = 38,617) and prevalence and 7-year incidence were analysed in the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study (ET2DS) (n = 821). Logistic and Cox regressions were used to describe associations between serum ferritin and CVD adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS: Increase of 1 SD unit in log-ferritin was associated with lower CVD prevalence in fully-adjusted models (ET2DS odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81 (0.68-0.96), p = 0.018; SIDIAP study: 0.91 (0.88-0.94), p < 0.001). In ET2DS, ferritin in the highest (vs. the lowest) quintile was associated with lower incidence of CVD (fully adjusted HR 95% CI: 0.46 (0.26-0.83), p = 0.010). This association persisted after removing subjects with CVD at baseline (n = 536) (HR 95% CI: 0.34 (0.14-0.81), p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Low iron status was associated with CVD risk in T2D. This pattern was consistent in populations at different cardiovascular risk. Low iron status seems to be harmful for cardiovascular health in T2D and it may be a target for intervention.

Soluble transferrin receptor levels are positively associated with insulin resistance but not with the metabolic syndrome or its individual components.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is known to be associated with elevated serum ferritin levels. The possible association with other Fe markers has been less well studied. We aimed to investigate the cross-sectional association of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and ferritin levels with the MetS components, insulin resistance and glycosylated Hb (HbA1C). The sample consisted of 725 adults, aged 19-93 years (284 men, 151 premenopausal and 290 postmenopausal women), from the Croatian island of Vis. Serum sTfR and ferritin levels were measured by immunoturbidimetry and electrochemiluminescence assays, respectively. The MetS was defined using modified international consensus criteria. Logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the associations adjusting for age, fibrinogen, smoking status, alcohol consumption and BMI. Prevalence of the MetS was 48·7 %. Standardised values of ferritin were positively associated with all of the MetS components (except high blood pressure and waist circumference) in men (P0·05). sTfR levels could be spuriously elevated in subjects with insulin resistance and without association with the MetS or its components. We conclude that different markers of Fe metabolism are not consistently associated with cardiometabolic risk.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children aged 5-9 years from southwest colombia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Exploration of cardiometabolic alterations in the pre-adolescent stage is necessary to characterize possible patterns for matabolic syndrome (MetS) in the earliest stages of the life. However, defining specific cutoff points for metabolic and vascular markers represents a complex task in pre-adolescent populations. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of MetS and its components in children aged 5-9 years old by using the MetS definition for adolescents with the lowest cut-off points, and evaluate its relationship with overweight and socio-demographic determinants. METHODS: A total of 494 children were evaluated. Multivariate models with filtered variables in preliminary univarite analyses were built to find predictive factors of MetS and its components. RESULTS: The prevalence of MetS was 8.7% in the studied children. Multivariate models showed that age, overweight and low socioeconomic stratum were associated with MetS; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was not significantly associated with any variable; high triglycerides were positively associated with age, overweight and inversely associated with kilocalories/day; female gender was the only variable significantly associated with high fasting glucose (inverse association); and age, gender and overweight were significant factors for increased waist circumference. In the case of high blood pressure, no variable was classified to the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: This study showed disturbing figures regarding cardiometabolic risk in the children based on comparisons with studies in adolescents. Further studies are needed to confirm the utility of the de Ferranti Mets definition in children.

Circulating hepcidin in type 2 diabetes: A multivariate analysis and double blind evaluation of metformin effects.

SCOPE: Very few studies have evaluated serum hepcidin in patients with type 2 diabetes and they have reported conflicting results. In addition, the effect of antidiabetic drugs on circulating hepcidin has not been explored so far. The aims of the study were to evaluate hepcidin concentrations and hepcidin/ferritin ratio in type 2 diabetes subjects and healthy non-diabetic controls and to evaluate the effect of metformin on hepcidin concentrations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Study 1: Cross-sectional multivariate study of 239 non-diabetic individuals and 65 people with type 2 diabetes. The multivariate analysis included covariates of chronic inflammation, BMI, pharmacological treatment, menopausal status and insulin resistance. Study 2: Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 4-month trial metformin compared to placebo among 36 type 2 diabetic patients. In both groups diet was controlled by maintaining a hypocaloric intake across the trial. Hepcidin levels were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes than in non-diabetic individuals either in crude or adjusted regression models (P<0.05). Hepcidin decreased in both arms of the trial (Placebo, p = 0.004; metformin, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: Circulating hepcidin was significantly and independently lower in type 2 diabetes. Metformin treatment is not associated with reductions in hepcidin but hypocaloric diet could be involved.

Circulating hepcidin is independently associated with systolic blood pressure in apparently healthy individuals.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Few studies have described the association between hepcidin levels and cardiometabolic risk in the general population and more so by considering robust adjustment for confounding factors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between circulating hepcidin and anthropometric, biochemical and vascular variables related to cardiometabolic risk in healthy individuals adjusting for relevant covariates. METHODS: Two-hundred thirty nine individuals (20-65 years old) were included in this cross-sectional study. Outcome variables were fasting glucose, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and the Framingham risk score. Multivariate linear regression and ANCOVA analyses including covariates of body mass index (BMI), menopausal status, physical inactivity, alcohol intake, insulin resistance, subclinical/chronic inflammation, ferritin and soluble transferrin receptors were used to describe the associations between hepcidin and cardiometabolic risk markers. RESULTS: In adjusted linear regression analyses, there was no significant association in men. In women, a relationship between hepcidin and triglycerides became significant after adjustments (p <0.05). By comparing quartiles of hepcidin levels, systolic blood pressure values in men were significantly higher in the upper quartile of hepcidin vs. the rest of quartiles independently of BMI, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and other iron markers (ANCOVA, p <0.05). There were no significant independent associations with the Framingham risk score (total points). CONCLUSION: We found a threshold effect of hepcidin levels on systolic blood pressure specifically in men. Further larger studies and experimental research are required to investigate possible mechanisms for the relationship between hepcidin metabolism and vascular function.

Waist:height ratio, waist circumference and metabolic syndrome abnormalities in Colombian schooled adolescents: a multivariate analysis considering located adiposity.

Very few large studies in Latin America have evaluated the association between waist:height ratio (W-HtR) and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents. Further, multivariable analyses verifying the independence of located subcutaneous fat have not been conducted so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of W-HtR and waist circumference (WC) with metabolic syndrome abnormalities and high LDL-cholesterol levels in schooled adolescents before and after adjusting for trunk skinfolds and BMI. The sample consisted of 831 boys and 841 girls aged 10-17 years. Biochemical, blood pressure and anthropometrical variables were measured. Age- and sex-specific quartiles of W-HtR and WC were used in Poisson regression models to evaluate the associations. High WC values (highest quartile v. quartiles 1-3) were associated with high TAG levels in both sexes (prevalence ratio, boys: 2·57 (95 % CI 1·91, 3·44); girls: 1·92 (95 % CI 1·49, 2·47); P0·05). High W-HtR (highest quartile v. quartiles 1-3) was only independently associated with high TAG in female adolescents (1·99 (95 % CI 1·55, 2·56); P<0·05). In conclusion, WC showed better association with cardiometabolic risk than W-HtR in the children of this study. This observation does not support W-HtR as a relevant adiposity marker for cardiovascular and metabolic risk in adolescence.

Relationship between maternal and newborn endothelial function and oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the Relationship between maternal and newborn endothelial function and oxidative stress. METHODS: Forty-three pregnant women and their offspring were evaluated. As markers of endothelial function, the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured in pregnant women in the second and third trimesters, and nitric oxide (NO) was quantified in the endothelial cells of the umbilical cord vein. Malondialdehyde (MDA), as a marker of oxidative stress, was measured in the maternal plasma (second and third trimesters) and plasma from umbilical cord blood. Gestational age and birth weight were recorded. Correlations between variables were estimated, and adjustments were made for specific gestational week of measurement, gestational age at birth, and complications during pregnancy and/or at delivery. RESULTS: Maternal FMD at second trimester correlated positively with newborn MDA, although with marginal significance (P = 0.090). The change in maternal FMD was positively correlated with newborn NO (P = 0.039), although adjustment for gestational age and specific week of gestation attenuated this relationship (P = 0.070). Maternal MDA at second trimester correlated positively with newborn MDA independently of gestational age at birth, specific week of gestation of the measurement, and having complications during pregnancy or at delivery (P = 0.032). After adjustments, the change in maternal MDA correlated with newborn MDA but marginally (P = 0.077). CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest that under physiological conditions, enhanced endothelial function and/or oxidative stress in the mother may impact on normal fetal development. Future studies are recommended, employing larger sample sizes, a more extensive set of markers of oxidative stress, and comparisons of complicated versus normal pregnancies.

Efecto del ejercicio y reposo postintervención sobre variables de riesgo cardiovascular en grupo de escolares / Effect of exercise and a post-intervention rest in cardiovacular risk variables in schoolars / Efeitos de exercicios e do repouso pos-operatorio sobre variaveis de risco cardiovascular em grupo de escolares

Objetivo: determinar el efecto de un programa de ejercicio seguido de un periodo de reposo post-intervención en marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular de un grupo de escolares de un Colegio de Cali-Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio experimental en el que se incluyeron 26 escolares con edades entre 10 y 13 años. Estos se sometieron a un período (4 meses) de intervención con ejercicio seguido de un periodo de reposo. Cambios en: glucosa y perfil lipídico; variables antropométricas; y parámetros de capacidad física, fueron evaluados. Resultados: los niños mostraron mayores valores de porcentaje (%) grasa corporal, cHDL, VO2max, carga y lactato al finalizar la intervención con ejercicio, e incremento significante en el valor de glicemia, IMC y % grasa corporal respecto al final del periodo de reposo post-intervención. En las niñas solo se observó incremento en la mediana de la carga luego de intervención con ejercicio. En el periodo de reposo post-intervención el IMC, porcentaje de grasa corporal y glicemia fueron más altos, y el valor de carga menor en comparación con el final de la intervención con ejercicio. Conclusiones: los niños presentaron mejor respuesta al ejercicio en variables relacionadas con riesgo cardiovascular, y este hallazgo podría estar influenciado por actividad física espontanea en los varones. En la mayoría de variables se observaron cambios negativos tras el periodo de reposo post-intervención. Para el conocimiento de los autores, este ensayo representa una primera exploración del efecto de un periodo sedentario tras un programa de ejercicio en el perfil cardiovascular de un grupo de escolares.

Objective: to determine the effect of an exercise program followed by a rest period post-intervention on cardiovascular risk markers in a group of children of Cali-Colombia school. Materials: experimental study which included 26 children aged 10-13 years old. These were subjected to a exercise intervention period (4 months) followed by a rest period. Changes in: glucose and lipid profile, anthropometric variables, and parameters of physical capacity, were evaluated. Results:boys showed higher values of body fat percentage, cHDL, VO2max, load and lactate at the end of the exercise intervention, and significant increase in the value of blood glucose, BMI and body fat percentage at the end of the post-intervention rest period. In girls only was observed an increase in load median after exercise intervention. In the post-intervention rest period BMI, body fat percentage and blood glucose were higher and the load value was lower compared to the end of the exercise intervention. Conclusions: boys had a better response to exercise in variables related to cardiovascular risk, and this finding could be influenced by spontaneous physical activity in men. In most of the variables, negative changes were observed after the post-intervention rest period. To the author’s knowledge, this paper represents a first exploration of the effect of a sedentary period after an exercise program on the cardiovascular profile of a schoolchildren group.

Objetivo: determinar o efeito de um programa de exercícios seguidos por um período de pós-intervenção nos marcadores de risco cardiovascular em um grupo de resto escolares de Cali Colombia.Materiais: estudo experimental em que 26 alunos foram incluídos com idades entre 10 e 13 anos. Estes foram submetidos a um período (4 meses ), seguido intervenção de exercício com um período de descanso. Mudanças: glicose e do perfil lipídico; variáveis antropométricas ; e foram avaliados parâmetros de capacidade física Resultado: as crianças apresentaram maior percentagem (%) de gordura corporal, o cHDL, VO2max, de carga e de lactato no final da intervenção de exercício, e aumento significativo na quantidade de glicose, imce % de gordura corporal em comparação com o fim de período de descanso pós-intervenção. Em raparigas foi observado aumento apenas no meio de carga, após a intervenção do exercício. No período de descanso pós-intervenção imc, percentual de gordura e de glicose no sangue foram maiores e menor valor de carga em relação ao final da intervenção de exercícios.Conclusões: as crianças apresentaram melhor resposta ao exercício em variáveis relacionadas ao risco cardiovascular, e este achado poderia ser influenciada pela atividade física espontânea em homens. Na maioria das variáveis foram observadas variações negativas depois do período de descanso pós-intervenção. Para o conhecimento dos autores , este estudo representa a primeira análise do efeito de um período sedentário após um programa de exercício no perfil cardiovascular de um grupo de crianças em idade escolar

Evaluation of the relationship between self-reported physical activity and metabolic syndrome and its components in apparently healthy women.

INTRODUCTION: The metabolic syndrome, a set of metabolic anomalies that include insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and inflammation, is an important tool to explore factors associated to cardiometabolic disease. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of the levels of self-reported physical activity and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire items and the metabolic syndrome and the variables related to cardiovascular risk in 89 women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The short version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire was applied to classify participating subjects into three categories: insufficient, sufficient and very active physical activity. The metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Biochemical and anthropometrical parameters were measured . RESULTS: Twenty-two participants (23%) presented metabolic syndrome and 66 women (74.2%) were classified in the insufficient physical activity category. No association was found between insufficient physical activity and metabolic syndrome . Inverse correlations were found among the days and minutes per week of physical activity of moderate-intensity, waist circumference ( r =-0.327, and r =-0.313, p<0.005, respectively), and body mass index ( r =-0.262, and r =-0.218, p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of insufficient physical activity was found in the study participants, but this was not associated with metabolic syndrome . Moderate but not vigorous physical activity items from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire correlated inversely with anthropometrical markers related to cardiovascular risk.

Evaluation of the relationship between self-reported physical activity and metabolic syndrome and its components in apparently healthy women / Evaluación de la relación de actividad física autorreportada con el síndrome metabólico y sus componentes en mujeres aparentemente sanas

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome, a set of metabolic anomalies that include insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and inflammation, is an important tool to explore factors associated to cardiometabolic disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of the levels of self-reported physical activity and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire items and the metabolic syndrome and the variables related to cardiovascular risk in 89 women . Materials and methods: The short version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire was applied to classify participating subjects into three categories: insufficient, sufficient and very active physical activity. The metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Biochemical and anthropometrical parameters were measured . Results: Twenty-two participants (23%) presented metabolic syndrome and 66 women (74.2%) were classified in the insufficient physical activity category. No association was found between insufficient physical activity and metabolic syndrome . Inverse correlations were found among the days and minutes per week of physical activity of moderate-intensity, waist circumference ( r =-0.327, and r =-0.313, p<0.005, respectively), and body mass index ( r =-0.262, and r =-0.218, p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: A high prevalence of insufficient physical activity was found in the study participants, but this was not associated with metabolic syndrome . Moderate but not vigorous physical activity items from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire correlated inversely with anthropometrical markers related to cardiovascular risk .

Introducción. El síndrome metabólico, conjunto de anomalías metabólicas que incluyen resistencia a la insulina, obesidad central, dislipidemia, hipertensión e inflamación, es una herramienta importante para explorar los factores asociados a enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación de los niveles autorreportados de actividad física y los elementos del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física ( International Physical Activity Questionnaire ), con el síndrome metabólico y las variables relacionadas con el riesgo cardiovascular en 89 mujeres. Materiales y métodos. La versión corta del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física se aplicó para clasificar a los sujetos en tres categorías: actividad física insuficiente, suficiente y muy activa. El síndrome metabólico se evaluó según los criterios de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes y se midieron los parámetros bioquímicos y antropométricos. Resultados. Veintidós participantes (23 %) presentaron síndrome metabólico y 66 mujeres (74,2 %) fueron clasificadas en la categoría de actividad física insuficiente. No se encontró asociación entre la actividad física insuficiente y el síndrome metabólico. Se encontraron correlaciones inversas entre los días y minutos de actividad física de moderada intensidad por semana con la circunferencia de cintura ( r =-0,327, y r =-0,313, p<0,005, respectivamente) y el índice de masa corporal ( r =-0,262, y r =-0,218, p<0,05, respectivamente). Conclusión. Una alta prevalencia de actividad física insuficiente se encontró en las participantes en el estudio, pero esto no se asoció con el síndrome metabólico. Los elementos de la actividad física moderada del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física, pero no así los de actividad vigorosa, se correlacionan inversamente con marcadores antropométricos relacionados con riesgo cardiovascular.